environment可数吗
篇一:environment可数吗
environment通常用作名词，有环境;外界的意思。那么你知道environment是否可数名词吗?下面跟着小编一起来学习一下，希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
environment词语用法：
当用于计算机系统运行的环境时，environment就用复数。
一般来说，environment是个抽象名词，不可数。
如we should protect our enviornment
前面有定语就可以加a
如he was brought up in an unhappy home environment
environment英语例句：
1. Outside the protected environment of institutional care he could not survive.
离开福利机构的照顾，离开这种受保护的环境，他将难以生存下去。
2. His independence had been forged on the anvil of a harsh environment.
他的独立性是在艰苦的环境中锤炼出来的。
3. The plans will be examined by EU environment ministers.
欧盟各国环境部部长将仔细研究这些计划。
4. I have no doubt that we are polluting the environment beyond redemption.
我丝毫都不怀疑我们对环境的污染是不可挽回的。
5. There is little assessment of the damage to the natural environment.
几乎未对自然环境破坏程度作出评估。
6. Is the recycling process in itself damaging to the environment?
这一回收利用过程本身对环境有害吗?
7. An added complication is the growing concern for the environment.
还有个问题就是对环境的日益关注。
8. The indiscriminate use of fertilisers is damaging to the environment.
乱用化肥会破坏环境。
9. You need to understand how office politics influence the working environment.
你需要了解办公室权术是如何影响工作氛围的。
10. Pupils should be helped to adopt a positive approach to the environment.
应帮助学生对环境采取积极的态度。
11. Sometimes the home environment just isn't conducive to reading.
有时候，家里的环境确实不适合看书。
12. He worked in the notoriously unhealthy environment of a coal mine.
他在一个环境出了名恶劣的煤矿里工作。
13. Because of the extreme cold, the Antarctic is a uniquely fragile environment.
极度严寒造成了南极地区绝无仅有的脆弱环境。
14. Helen described life in a weightless environment during her period in space.
海伦描述了她身处太空时失重状态下的生活。
15. I set up a ginger group on the environment.
我建立了一个积极从事环保的组织。
extreme的用法和短语例句
篇二:environment可数吗
extreme有极端;极限等意思，那么你知道extreme的用法吗?下面跟着小编一起来学习一下，希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
extreme的用法：
extreme的用法1：extreme用作形容词的基本意思是距离中心或起点“尽可能远的”,引申可指“极度的,极端的”; 也可指人或意见等“过激的”“偏激的”。
extreme的用法2：extreme一般不修饰improvement,development等表示动作的名词,而修饰表示状态的名词。
extreme的用法3：extreme用作名词时意为“极端”,是可数名词,常用复数形式。既可指感情、状况等的极端,也可指人能忍受某环境达到的最大限度。
extreme的常用短语：
用作名词 (n.)
go to extremes
in the extreme
extreme的用法例句：
1. The extreme right reared its ugly head in the 1980s.
极右势力在20世纪80年代有所抬头。
2. It is hard to imagine Lineker capable of anything so extreme.
很难想象莱恩克尔能做出如此极端的事情。
3. In her extreme youth, Maria had sold her sexual favours for money.
玛丽亚在非常年轻的时候，曾靠卖淫来赚钱。
4. The far right is now a greater threat than the extreme left.
现在极右派比极左派威胁更大。
5. They gathered to protest against the renaissance of the extreme right.
他们聚集起来抗议极右势力的复活。
6. The extreme case was Poland, where 29 parties won seats.
极端的例子是波兰，共有29个政党拥有议席。
7. Extreme caution should be exercised when buying part-worn tyres.
购买部分磨损轮胎时要格外当心。
8. Because of the extreme cold, the Antarctic is a uniquely fragile environment.
极度严寒造成了南极地区绝无仅有的脆弱环境。
9. Ministers have shown extreme reluctance to explain their position to the media.
部长们极不情愿向媒体解释他们的立场。
10. The extreme right-wing National Front promoted anti-semitism.
右翼极端政党“国民阵线”支持反犹太主义。
11. It is proving controversial in the extreme.
事实证明它极具争议。
12. They were reduced to extreme poverty.
他们陷入极端贫困的状态。
13. Our rows become unhealthy in the extreme.
我们的争吵变得极其有害。
14. He tried to dissociate himself from the party's more extreme views.
他极力表明自己并不赞成该党较为偏激的观点。
15. We are working under extreme pressure at the moment.
目前我们正在极大的压力下工作。
doubt的用法和短语例句
篇三:environment可数吗
doubt有怀疑;疑惑;悬而未定等意思，那么你知道doubt的用法吗?下面跟着小编一起来学习一下，希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
doubt的用法：
doubt的用法1：doubt用作名词的基本意思是“怀疑,疑虑”,还可表示“未确定”。可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词。
doubt的用法2：doubt后可接介词about〔of, on〕引起的短语表示“对…怀疑”。
doubt的用法3：doubt后可接that或if〔whether〕引导的同位语从句。that从句一般用于否定句或疑问句中; if〔whether〕从句一般用于肯定句中。
doubt的用法4：in doubt的意思是“存在疑问”; no doubt的意思是“很可能”; without doubt的意思是“毫无疑问”。这几个短语在句中既可用作状语,也可用作定语或表语。
doubt的用法5：doubt的基本意思是对事〔物〕的真实性等表示“怀疑”或“不信任”,有时甚至在调查研究之后仍“难以确定”。也常用来表示对宗教信条等持有疑虑。
doubt的用法6：doubt多用作及物动词,可接名词、代词、动名词、带疑问词的动词不定式或that/wh-/if从句作宾语,也可接以“(to be+) n./adj. ”充当补足语的复合宾语。接that从句作宾语时, that前有时可加but。doubt偶尔也用作不及物动词,常与介词of连用表示“对…抱怀疑或悲观的态度”。
doubt的用法7：在疑问句或否定句中, doubt的宾语从句应用that引导; 在肯定句中,则应由if〔whether〕引导。
doubt的用法8：doubt是表示思想状态的动词,指思维活动的结果,通常不用于进行体。
doubt的用法9：有时在肯定句里也可见doubt接由that引导的从句的情况,这时怀疑的意味已很淡。例如:I doubt that he will come.我想他恐怕不会来。
doubt的用法10：doubt一般不用于进行体。但偶尔可见如She is always doubting my word.(她总是不相信我的话)这类的句子,句中的现在进行时表示一种“不满”的情绪。
doubt的常用短语：
用作动词 (v.)
doubt of (v.+prep.)
用作名词 (n.)
cast〔throw〕 doubt(s) on
in doubt
no doubt
without (a) doubt
doubt的用法例句：
1. There can be little doubt that he will offend again.
毋庸置疑他还会再犯的。
2. They have the usual quota of human weaknesses, no doubt.
毫无疑问，他们身上也有人所共有的弱点。
3. This new information does throw doubt on their choice.
这个新信息确实使人们对他们的选择产生了怀疑。
4. There was no doubt in his mind that the man was serious.
在他看来，这个人无疑是认真的。
5. I do not doubt that the bank acted properly.
我毫不怀疑银行的处理方式是妥当的。
6. Few in Westminster doubt that the government will win the day.
在英国议会中，几乎没有人对政府将会获胜存有怀疑。
7. It was without a shadow of a doubt the best we've played.
毫无疑问这是我们表现最出彩的一次。
8. At first I gave him the benefit of the doubt.
起初，我姑且相信了他。
9. I have no doubt that we are polluting the environment beyond redemption.
我丝毫都不怀疑我们对环境的污染是不可挽回的。
10. A referendum showed beyond doubt that voters wanted independence.
全民公决无疑显示选民支持独立。
11. There are factors, however, that have cast doubt on the statue's authenticity.
然而，有些因素让人对该雕塑的真伪产生了怀疑。
12. There was no doubt he was serious, it wasn't just playing around.
毫无疑问他很认真，那可不是闹着玩的。
13. They would no doubt welcome the action with open arms.
他们无疑将热烈欢迎这一举动。
14. White was in no doubt the referee made the correct decision.
怀特确信裁判作出了公正的判罚。
15. Local inhabitants haven'tthe slightest doubt as to who is the rightful owner.
当地居民对谁是合法所有者没有丝毫疑问。
高中英语模块五Unit2 The environment
篇四:environment可数吗
Unit 2 The environment
词汇拓展
1．____________ n. 经济（情况）；经济体→____________ adj. 经济的，经济学的
2．____________ n.顾问→____________ vt.咨询，商榷
3．____________ v. 生产→____________ n. 生产→____________ n. 产品
4．____________ adj.贪婪的，贪心的→____________ n. 贪婪，贪心
5．____________ n. 责任，职责→____________ adj. 负责的
6．____________ n. 看法；信念→____________ v.相信，认为
7．____________ n. 环境→____________ adj. 环境的
8．____________ v.动手术，经营→____________ n.操作，经营
9．____________ v.&n. 愿意，意志→____________ adj.乐意的，愿意的
10．____________ n. 到来，抵达；到达者→____________ vi. 到达
11．____________ adj. 合法的→____________ adj. 非法的→____________ adv. 非法地
12．____________ v.使印象深刻→____________ n. 印象，效果→____________ adj.给人以深刻印象的
13．____________ vt. 欣赏，赞赏；感谢；领会→____________ n. 欣赏，鉴赏；感谢；领会
14．____________ adj. 电的，用电的→____________ n. 电→____________ adj.电子的
15．____________ vt. 吸收，理解；使全神贯注→____________ adj. 全神贯注的
语境记词
1．2．，and finally decided to take the train.
3．4．5．6．The Yellow River ____________（流）right across China to the Yellow Sea.
7．How can children ____________（循环使用）paper every day，in your opinion?
8．Most parents are ____________（愿意）to spend more money to send their children to a suitable school.
9．The workers are making every ____________（努力）to overfulfil this year's plan.
10．The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from the accidents has ____________（减少）greatly over the past year.
短语回顾
1．____________ the floor 自由发言
2．cut back ____________ 削减，减少
3．use ____________ 用尽
4．run ____________（of）用完，耗尽
5．be worried ____________担心
6．____________ a result 因此
7．take steps ____________ do 采取措施做„„
8．clean ____________ 打扫干净
9．queue ____________ 排队等候
10．pick ____________找出，挑选
11．____________ danger 处于危险中
12．____________ way在进行中
13．____________ regard to 关于，至于
14．let ____________ 排放
15．____________ particular 尤其，特别
16．do one's ____________ 尽自己的职责
17．ask ____________ 四处打听
18．be concerned ____________ 对„„关心，担心
典型例句
1．The world's population has grown by six times what it was in 1800.
目前世界人口与1800年相比已经增长到那时的6倍。
句型提炼：倍数表达法：A is...times as...as B（原级）；A is...times...than B（比较级）；A is...times the size（length，height，width...）of B（形容词对应的名词形式）；A is...times what＋从句。
2．It is our duty to try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things we make and buy.
我们应当尽量削减生产，减少产量和采购量，这是我们的责任。
句型提炼：句中it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。it作形式主语，没有具体意义，把真正的主语移至句子末尾，以避免句子头重脚轻。
3．Upon the arrival of spring，beautiful birds would sing happily in the park.
一到春天，美丽的鸟儿就会在公园里欢快地唱歌。
句型提炼：upon one's arrival/return；upon doing sth.表“一„„就„„”。
4．I like it when you told that joke.
我喜欢你讲那个笑话。
句型提炼：动词like，dislike，enjoy，hate，appreciate等词，当它们后面接if或者when引导的从句时，要在从句前加上it。
5．There is no doubt that the world climate has been changing in recent years.
无疑，最近几年世界气候一直在变化。
句型提炼：There is no doubt about sth./that...为固定句型。
归纳拓展
1．operate vi.（机器）运转，（药等）起作用；vt. 操作，实施，管理
operate a business 经营一家企业
operate on/upon sb./sp.给某人（或某部位）动手术
operate sb.on/upon sp.给某人某个部位动手术
①Have you ever been operated on？你动过手术吗？
②How does the machine operate？这台机器运转怎样？
③The medicine began to operate at once.药立刻开始见效。
④It's not difficult to operate a lift.开电梯不难。
⑤The project is operated by the women of the area.
这个项目由该地区的妇女负责实施。
⑥All the Disney Parks are operated（run，managed）by the same company.
所有的迪斯尼公园都是由同一家公司管理的。
The doctor will operate on her leg tomorrow.＝The doctor will operate her on the leg tomorrow.医生明天给她的腿动手术。
The patient needs to be operated on the head.＝The patient needs an operation on the head. 那病人头部需要动手术。（注：on the head 不能说成 on his head.）
反馈1.1The company ______ three factories and a coal mine.Which of the following answers can NOT be filled in the blank?
A．runs B．operates C．manages D．organizes
反馈1.2The college ______ a summer course for foreign students.
A．works B．functions C．operates D．does
反馈1.3When do you think the patient can be operated ______ the tumor?
A．on for B．for C．upon with D．on
2．quantity n.量，数量
a great，large，good，small quantity of 大量/少量的„„ in quantity/in（large）quantities 大量地，大批地
①There is a small quantity of water left in the bottle.
瓶子里还剩下少量的水。
②She has quantities of good clothes.她有许多好衣服。
用法归纳1）“a large/small quantity of＋不可数名词或可数名词复数”表示“大量的/少量的„„”，也可以用“large/small quantities of＋不可数名词或可数名词复数”来表达。
2）a quantity of后接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；后接可数名词复数形式时，谓语动词用单数或复数都可以；而quantities of后同样可接不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式，谓语则用复数。
①A large quantity of water is stored in the reservoir.水库贮存了大量的水。
②Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain.
雨水把大量的泥沙冲下山坡。
反馈2.1As a result of destroying the forests，a large ______ of desert ______ covered the farmland.
A．number；has B．quantity；has C．number；have D．quantity；have
反馈2.2With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth ______ each year.
A．is washing away B．is being washed away
C．are washing away D．are being washed away
3．clean up vt.& vi.打扫，清扫，把„„弄干净（后接宾语时，既可接“脏东西”也可接“弄脏了的地方”）；（警方或政府当局）整肃/整顿（某地或某领域或某部门或不当行为或犯罪行为）
①Cleaners are busy cleaning up the litter left by holiday-makers on the beach.
清洁工正在忙着清扫度假者扔在海滩上的垃圾。
②Clean up the table after eating，please.
吃完东西后请把餐桌弄干净。
③Since the report of the scandal，the authorities have tried to clean up football.
自从这个丑闻被报道后，政府当局就一直尽力整肃足球界。
④With the public complaining more about robberies and gang crimes，the police are considering cleaning up the streets.
由于公众对抢劫和黑帮暴力犯罪的怨言愈来愈多，警方在考虑对街头秩序进行整顿。 反馈3.1Let's ______ the broken glass before someone walks on it.
A．clear up B．clean up C．put up D．tidy up
反馈3.2We don't want to see any more online rumor or porn.It's just time to ______ the Internet.
A．clear up B．clear away C．clean up D．clean away
4．measure vt.& vi. 测量，给„„量尺寸，有„„长（宽、高、重） n.[C]尺寸，措施，量具 take measures 采取措施
by measure 按尺寸
make sth.to sb.'s measure 照某人的尺寸做某物
①Did you measure the distance between those two development areas?
你们测量了那两个开发区之间的距离了吗？
②A clock measures time.
钟是用来计量时间的。
③Mrs Smith picked up a ruler and measured carefully.
史密斯夫人拿起尺子仔细量了量。
④This room measures 5 metres across.
这间屋子宽五米。
⑤The apartment building measures 80m by 20m by 60m.
这个公寓楼长80米，宽20米，高60米。
反馈4.1 I don't trust them in that shop；they give you short ______.
A．lengthen B．metre C．measure D．wide
反馈4.2What measures were ______ to reduce the air pollution in that area then?
A．acted B．taken C．given D．done
反馈4.3The suitcase，______ 55 centimeters in length，is now allowed in the luggage compartment.
A．measured B．measures C．to measure D．measuring
5．appreciate vt.理解；欣赏；感激，感谢
appreciation n.欣赏；感激
appreciative adj.有欣赏力的；表示赏识的；感激的
①I appreciate your ability in dealing with it.
我欣赏你处理这件事的能力。
②Our headmaster appreciates Mr Wang very much.
我们的校长非常欣赏王先生。
③We greatly appreciate your timely help.
我们非常感谢你及时的帮忙。
用法提示1）appreciate作“感激”讲，是及物动词，后面需接宾语，但需借助it才能加从句。
2）表示程度，可以用deeply，highly，really等副词修饰。
①I would appreciate it if you would help me with it.
如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
②I deeply/highly/really appreciate your kindness.我深深感谢你的好意。
③She is a girl with appreciation of art.她是一个对艺术有鉴赏力的女孩。
反馈5.1I'd appreciate ______ if you would turn the radio down.
A．that B．it C．this D．you
反馈5.2The young deputies appreciated ______ with the chance of choosing their new leaders.
A．honoring B．to honor C．honored D．being honored
反馈5.3He rarely ______ others' kindness to him，which is why he has few friends.
A．thanks B．appreciates C．is thankful to D．is grateful
6．absorb vt.吸收（光、热、水等），吸引（注意力）；接受（知识、学问）；使全神贯注 be absorbed by 被„„吞并，为„„所吸收
be absorbed in 全神贯注于„„，一心从事，热衷于
absorb sb.'s attention 吸引某人注意
absorbing adj.非常吸引人的，引人入胜的
absorption n.吸收
①Plants can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
植物可以吸收二氧化碳，释放氧气。
②The movement and noise of the machines absorbed him completely.
机器的运动和噪音完全吸引了他的注意力。
③The three-year-old boy seems to be very clever and able to absorb whatever he is taught. 这个三岁的男孩看起来很聪明，似乎能掌握教给他的任何东西。
④He absorbed the point of view of his teacher.
他接受了老师的观点。
⑤He was completely absorbed in his book and did not hear me call.
他在全神贯注地读书，没有听见我叫他。
反馈6.1______ the work in hand，he hardly had any time to write his family back.
A．Absorbed by B．Absorbed to C．Concentrating on D．Concentrated in
反馈6.2During the day，plants use sunlight，water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen，while at night，they ______ oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
A．take into B．absorb C．are absorbed in D．call in
反馈6.3______ the water on the table easily is the substance called“sponge”．
A．Absorbed B．Absorbing C．Absorbs D．To absorb
7．run out（of）用光，耗尽
1）表示“某物用完”，以物作主语时，不用被动语态。
Our gas will soon run out.
我们的汽油快用光了。
2）run out和run out of的区别在于run out不可接宾语，而run out of后可接宾语。 ①He is always running out of money before pay day.
他总是在发薪日前就把钱花光了。
②The supply of our food almost ran out and we felt helpless.
我们的食物给养几乎用光了，我们感觉无望。
③We can see that his patience was running out little by little.
我们能看到他正逐渐失去耐心。
④She felt that she had run out of inspiration.她觉得自己没有灵感了。
反馈7.1All the water has ______.
A．run out of B．run out C．use up D．used up
反馈7.2What will the world use for power when it ______ oil?
A．runs out of B．is running out C．will run out of D．ran out
反馈7.3Its fuel ______，the plane has only ten minutes to go before it crashes into the sea.
A．running out B．using upC．having run out D．having used up
8．under way在进行中，开始，在前进途中
①Formal negotiations are under way.正式谈判正在进行。
②Preparations for the celebration of National Day are under way.
庆祝国庆的准备工作正在进行之中。
③Our plan is well under way.我们的计划正在顺利地实施之中。
④The young female reporter was on time，and the interview got under way immediately. 那位年轻的女记者准时赴约，于是采访立即开始进行。
⑤The ship is under way for London.这艘船正在前往伦敦的途中。
短语拓展under control 被控制住
under discussion 正在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下
under the sun 在世界上，究竟，到底
under the weather 身体不舒服
under fire 遭到炮火射击，受到攻击
under the circumstances 在这种情况下
under consideration 在考虑中
反馈8.1 Don't be worried.The repairman is ______.He will fix it up.
A．in the way B．on the way C．under way D．by the way
反馈8.2The urban reform has been ______ for nearly three years，but much remains to be done.
A．under weather B．under fire C．under control D．under way
反馈8.3The plans have been ______ for a year now，but no decision has been reached.
A．under pressure B．under way C．under discussion D．under the sun
9．I like it when you told that joke.我喜欢你讲那个笑话。
I like it when sb.does sth.我喜欢某人干某事
在这个句型中，it是代词，无所指，when引导的是状语从句，而不是宾语从句，其中的动词除like以外，还可用enjoy，dislike，love，hate，prefer，appreciate等。
①I like it when all of the Christmas lights light up.
我喜欢所有圣诞灯都点燃。
②He dislikes it when you whistle.他不爱听你吹口哨。
③I hate it when it rains.Cheer up.It will be sunny tomorrow.
我讨厌下雨天。高兴一点，明天天气就会放晴了。
反馈9.1I dislike ______ when others laugh at me in public or think poorly of me behind.
A．that B．those C．it D．them
新版深圳九下Unit3 The environment 教材全解
篇五:environment可数吗
Unit3 The environment
Getting ready部分
1.express v.表达，表示 n.表达，表情
The value of this exercise is that it challenges the students to express themselves freely.
这项练习的价值在于它能促使学生自由地表达自己的思想。
.
我无法向你表达我是多么感激。
Language is a means for the expression of thought.
I'm a face without expression, a heart with no beat.
Levin sat there, 莱文坐在那里，神情忧伤。
【拓展】express 本身也可用作名词，意为：快递，快车environment可数吗
Where do I wait for the express to Edinburgh? We'll send the book back by express.
EMS: express mail service邮政特快专递
2. concern n.关心，担忧，令人担忧的事 vt.使担心，使关心 My greatest concern is what she thinks of me.
Some teachers express concern about the trend. 部分教师对这种趋势表示担忧。 The boy's poor performance at school concerned his parents.
[词组]
show one's concern about/for对...表示关心或忧虑
concern oneself with/about/for sth.关心/担心某事
be concerned with/about/for sth. 关心/担心某事
so/as far as...be concerned 就...来说/而言 So far as I am concerned, the second arrangement is more suitable.
We should learn how to show concern for others.
My family is concerned for my safety.
everything , she forgets to focus on the work at hand. 当我们关注历史研究时，我们便成为故事讲述者。
[同根词]
concerned adj.有关的，关心的 concerning prep.关于，就...而言 Concerned parents held a meeting. 忧心忡忡的家长们开了一次会。
You may skip through a book, reading only those passages concerned（一般作后置.
定语）
Concerning his proposal, there are pros and cons.
Reading部分
1. face v. 面对，面向,面临；朝，向
Our house faces south.
She stood up from the table and faced him.
We have to face the truth that the future for us isnot good.
These people face increased risk of starvation and disease.
be faced with sth. 面对/面临...
Born into poverty, Lincoln was faced with defeat throughout his life.
出身贫寒，林肯一生中历尽挫折。
the complicated situation, he took everything coolly. 面对复杂的形势， 他却淡然处之。
these things, I became annoyed and exasperated.
它意味着不拒绝面对困难。
【拓展】face 作名词，意为：脸，面子，表面
face to face 面对面 make a face 做鬼脸 to someone’s face 当着某人的面
2.The atmosphere around the Earth is necessary for all living things.
sth. is necessary for sb/ sth对于某人而言...是必须的
Oxygen is necessary for all lives.
石油是船和飞机起飞的必需品。
___________________________________________________
【拓展】It’s necessary for sb. to do
It is necessary for us to take part in Physical labour.
对于政府而言采取措施停止污染是必要的。
___________________________________________________
3....and keeping heat from getting out. keep sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止某人/某物做某事，避免...做某事
That’ll keep you from doing things throughout the day.
这样，你就不会花一整天去做这些事了。
We must keep water from Books support us under solitude, and keep us from being a burden to ourselves. 孤寂时，书籍给我们力量，使我们摆脱精神负担。
[相关短语]
stop/prevent ... from doing sth.阻止......做某事
protect...from (doing) sth. 保护...不受(伤害)
What stopped him from coming here.
The heavy rain prevented us from coming on time.
You had better wear sunglasses to protect your eyes from the sun.
You should protect the children from catching cold.
3. Without it , the Earth would be the same as the moon.
Without = but for “要不是.如果没有”是一种虚拟语气，初中里，后面要用
would/could/might +do.
如：Without his help , I would walk to school today.
Without the computer, much of t
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